Septic systems are essential for managing household wastewater safely and effectively, especially in areas without access to municipal sewer systems. Understanding the different types of septic systems available can help homeowners make informed decisions about installation, maintenance, and repairs.
Hey readers, I’m Connor Jimenez, Operations Manager at Elite Rooter. If you are choosing the right septic system is an important decision that depends on many factors like your property size, soil type, water table, and local regulations.
In this guide, I’ll explain the different types of septic systems used in residential settings, how each one works, and their pros and cons. My goal is to help you understand your options clearly so you can make the best choice for your home.
What is a Septic System?
A septic system is an underground wastewater treatment structure, typically made from concrete or fiberglass, with a capacity of at least 1,000 gallons. It’s designed to collect and treat wastewater from your home before releasing clean water back into the environment.
All the water from your toilets, bathtubs, kitchen sinks, and other drains flows into this system through a main pipe that leads from your house.
How a Septic System Works
If you live in one of the roughly 25% of American homes that rely on a septic system, you might not think about it often—it’s usually buried underground, out of sight and out of mind. But understanding how it works can help you maintain it better and avoid costly problems.
Even if your home is connected to a municipal sewage system, the basic principles behind septic systems and city wastewater treatment plants are quite similar.
Different types of septic systems
1. Traditional Septic System
Where It’s Used
Ideal for properties with ample flat land, well-drained soil, and a low water table.
Pros:
- Simple and proven technology
- Relatively low installation cost
- Easy maintenance (routine pumping every 3-5 years)
Cons:
- Requires a large drainfield area
- Drainfield can clog or fail over time, requiring costly repairs
- Not suitable for high water table or poor soil conditions
2. Chamber Septic System
Instead of gravel, Chamber septic system uses a series of plastic chambers that provide space for wastewater to flow and infiltrate the soil. The chambers are open-bottomed and allow for easier flow distribution.
Where It’s Used
Good for areas where gravel is scarce, or groundwater is high.
Pros:
- Requires less gravel, making installation faster and more environmentally friendly
- Better flow control and more durable than traditional systems
Cons:
- Slightly higher upfront cost than traditional gravel systems
- Drainfield area requirements remain substantial
3. Drip Distribution Septic System
The drip distribution system uses a network of small-diameter pipes installed near the surface of the soil. The pipes are designed to distribute wastewater evenly, allowing for better absorption.
Drip distribution systems are an innovative solution for properties with space constraints or irregular terrain. Unlike conventional systems, drip distribution does not require a large mound of soil, making it less invasive to install. The system uses a pump to pressurize and distribute effluent through small-diameter pipes laid close to the surface.
This even distribution ensures that wastewater is treated effectively by the soil. While this system is more complex and requires a pump, it is an excellent option for properties that cannot accommodate traditional drainfields.
Where It’s Used:
Best for sites with limited space, uneven terrain, or sensitive environments.
Pros:
- Smaller and more flexible drainfield footprint
- Effective treatment on challenging sites
Cons:
- Requires electrical pumps and controls
- Higher maintenance needs
4. Aerobic Treatment Unit (ATU)
Aerobic Treatment Units function similarly to a small-scale municipal wastewater treatment plant. These systems use oxygen to boost the growth of aerobic bacteria, which helps to break down organic waste faster and more thoroughly.
Aerobic Treatment Units are highly efficient in breaking down waste and are particularly suitable for environmentally sensitive areas. By introducing oxygen into the treatment process, ATUs encourage the growth of bacteria that thrive in oxygen-rich environments, which significantly improves the breakdown of organic material.
Where It’s Used:
Ideal for properties with poor soil drainage, high water tables, or strict environmental regulations.
Pros:
- Produces high-quality effluent
- Can be used near sensitive water bodies
Cons:
- Requires electricity and regular maintenance
- More complex and costly to install
5. Mound Septic System
The mound septic system is specifically designed for locations where traditional drainfields aren’t feasible—typically because the natural soil is too shallow or the groundwater level is too high. This system features a raised mound filled with specially graded sand that contains the drainfield trenches.
The sand mound serves as an additional filtration layer, effectively treating wastewater before it reaches the native soil and protecting the groundwater from contamination. This makes mound systems ideal for sites with poor soil absorption or challenging environmental conditions.
That said, installing a mound system can be more complex and labor-intensive than conventional systems. It requires ample space and careful grading to ensure proper function. Additionally, because the mound is visible above ground, some homeowners may find it less aesthetically appealing compared to more discreet septic system options.
Where It’s Used
Best for sites unsuitable for conventional drainfields due to soil limitations.
Pros:
- Protects groundwater from contamination
- Allows septic system installation on challenging sites
Cons:
- Requires significant space and sand material
- Needs regular inspection and maintenance
6. Recirculating Sand Filter System
The recirculating sand filter system uses sand to further filter wastewater before it reaches the drainfield. Wastewater flows from the septic tank to a pump chamber, then is pumped through the sand filter for advanced treatment.
Recirculating system effectively removes contaminants that conventional septic systems may miss, making it ideal for environmentally sensitive areas. While it requires a pump and more frequent maintenance due to its complexity, it delivers higher-quality effluent to meet strict environmental standards.
Where It’s Used
Good for sites with high water tables or close proximity to surface water.
Pros:
- High level of treatment for nutrients and pathogens
- Suitable for environmentally sensitive areas
Cons:
- More expensive and complex than conventional systems
- Requires electrical power and ongoing maintenance
7. Evapotranspiration Septic System
The evapotranspiration system treats wastewater by evaporating it into the air rather than letting it soak into the soil. Wastewater flows into a drainfield lined with an impermeable barrier, where evaporation and plant transpiration safely remove the effluent.
Ideal for arid regions with limited soil absorption, this system prevents wastewater from contaminating groundwater. However, it requires consistently dry conditions, as heavy rain can overwhelm and compromise its function.
Where It’s Used
Effective in dry, arid climates with lots of sunshine.
Pros:
- Prevents groundwater contamination
- Can be used where soil infiltration is poor
Cons:
- Not suitable for wet or cold climates
- System failure risk if heavy rainfall occurs
8. Constructed Wetland Septic System
The constructed wetland system uses natural processes to treat wastewater by mimicking wetlands. Effluent flows through a gravel-filled cell planted with wetland vegetation that filters and breaks down contaminants.
Constructed Wetland eco-friendly system is ideal for moist areas or near natural wetlands, offering effective nutrient removal and enhancing landscape beauty. It requires careful design, suitable plants, and enough space for proper installation.
Where It’s Used
Homes or communities with ample land and a preference for environmentally friendly solutions.
Pros:
- Natural, sustainable treatment method
- Enhances local habitat and aesthetics
Cons:
- Requires ongoing plant maintenance
- Needs significant space and careful design
9. Cluster/Community Septic Systems
Cluster septic systems serve multiple homes by collecting and treating wastewater at a shared site. They’re cost-effective for rural communities and developments where individual systems aren’t practical.
By sharing treatment and drainfields, homeowners save on installation and upkeep. However, successful operation depends on clear cooperation and management among users.
Where It’s Used
Small rural subdivisions or developments without centralized sewer service.
Pros:
- Cost-sharing benefits
- Centralized operation and maintenance
Cons:
- Requires shared responsibility among users
- More complex regulatory compliance
How to Choose the Right Septic System for Your Home
Choosing the best septic system depends on many factors:
- Soil type and permeability
- Size and slope of your property
- Local water table levels
- Environmental sensitivity of the area
- Budget and willingness to maintain the system
- Local regulations and permits
At Elite Rooter, we conduct thorough site evaluations to recommend the most suitable septic system tailored to your home’s unique conditions.
Conclusion
Understanding the types of septic systems available will help you make smart choices about your home’s wastewater treatment. If you want personalized advice or Schedule service, contact us. We’re here to keep your septic system running smoothly.
